Cryptography

Explore the fundamental differences between UTXO-based (like Bitcoin) and Account-based (like Ethereum) blockchain models, how they track user balances, prevent double-spending or replay attacks, and their respective pros and cons.

Explore Merkle trees (binary hash trees): their construction, use of cryptographic hash functions, and role in data integrity. Learn about applications in Bitcoin, SPV nodes, vulnerabilities, and Sparse Merkle Trees (SMTs).